Eustace the Monk, sometimes known as the Black Monk, was a
younger son of a lesser noble family in Boulogne. As a young man he spent
some time in a Benedictine monastery, hence the 'monk' part of his name.
Given his period of activity, he was probably born in the late 12th
century. Initially, he served the Count of Boulogne, but was eventually
outlawed and turned to piracy.
He and those he attracted soon came to control the Straits
of Dover. Like many early pirates he turned mercenary and sold the
services of his squadrons to the highest bidder. From 1205-1212, he served
King John of England in his war with Philip II of France. He raided the
French coastline and seized the Channel Islands as a base of operations.
King John outlawed Eustace for indiscriminant pillaging of
English subjects, but soon forgave the pirate, as his services were too
important. He is said to have built a palace in London and sent his
daughter to school with the noble girls or England.
Ever the mercenary, Eustace and several other French
pirates switched sides in 1212. Serving the French he attacked Folkestone
to avenge the English seizure of his Channel Island bases. During the
English civil war that broke out in 1215, he lent aid to the rebels and
helped to transport and protect the troops of Prince Louis of France when
they invaded southern England. The war continued after King John died in
1216 and many of the rebels deserted over to the side of King Henry III.
In 1217, while transporting additional troops Eustace and his ships met an
English fleet. Using powdered lime the English blinded the French and
boarded.
The battle ended with the English being victorious. Several
French nobles were ransomed, but Eustace was beheaded on the spot.
While it is true that the forces of Eustace the Monk were
maritime in nature, there was little similarity with the pirates of the
Golden Age. At the time ships were little more than transport and floating
battlefields/castles. The primary strategy was to maneuver to board the
enemy's ships and fight it out in a general melee. Perhaps the biggest
fault one sees in Eustace is his mercenary nature, but then if it weren't
for that he would have been little more than a naval commander and not a
pirate.
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